The arab spring uprisings of 2011 triggered a wide set of social movements and regime change across the middle east and north africa. Apr 21, 2011 jeanmarie guehenno explains why the movements that are shaking the arab world in 2011 are profoundly different from the revolutions that ended the soviet empire in 1989. As they wipe the egg off their faces, they need to. Nov 07, 2019 since october, protests in iraq and lebanon have reenergized the middle east region as hundreds of thousands of young people descend onto public squares, repeating 2011 arab spring slogans that call for regime downfall. Aug 28, 2019 the arab spring was a series of antigovernment protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the middle east in early 2011. Focused on explaining the stability of local autocracies in recent decades, they underestimated the hidden forces driving change. Arab spring affected countries suffered even more due to the 2008 economic crisis. The arab springs impact on the middle east has been profound, even if in many places its final outcome might not become clear for at least a generation. Pdf the arab spring and its impact on the foreign trade of. While interconnected, uprisings in each nation took different forms and reached. The arab spring protests caught most of the world by surprise and precipitated a chain of events that changed the course of history in the middle east and north africa mena, ushering in a period of prolonged political instability and intense civil conflicts. The 20102011 tunisian revolution and the 2011 egyptian revolution also raised hopes for political change in the region. Since october, protests in iraq and lebanon have reenergized the middle east region as hundreds of thousands of young people descend onto public squares, repeating 2011 arab spring slogans that call for regime downfall. Thi s researc h articl e attempts to scrutinize the nature and cause s of the ara b uprising s which too k people by surpris e globall y throughou t 2011 and int o 2012.
Protesters in countries including, tunisia, egypt, syria, yemen, libya and bahrain. New media in contentious politics, and applies its fivelevel framework for studying and understanding the role of new media in political movements. Economic dimensions of the arab spring by riad al khouri riad al khouri, a jordanian economist who lives and works in the region, is principal of dea inc, washington dc and a member of the lebanese economic association. The wave of social protests that swept through the arab world during 2011, toppling some longstanding regimes and seriously destabilizing others, was the.
The arab spring technically began in 2010, but didnt gain traction and international awareness until early 2011. Massive popular mobilization brought down longruling leaders in tunisia and egypt, helped spark bloody struggles in bahrain, libya, syria, and yemen, and fundamentally reshaped. Yet the winter of discontent in the united states and europe is not yet over. Antigovernment protesters shout during a rally organized by the 20th february, the moroccan arab spring movement in casablanca, morocco, sunday. In the first months of 2011 the revolt spread to other north african and middle eastern nations. The impact of the arab spring concerns protests or by the way attempts to organize growing protest movements that were inspired by or similar to the arab spring in the arabmajority states of north africa and the middle east, according to commentators, organisers, and critics. An extraordinary wave of popular protest swept the arab world in 2011. Pdf an assessment of the 2011 arab spring uprising. The armed forces played a decisive role in many of the arab uprisings, particularly the early ones. The arab spring was a series of antigovernment protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the middle east in early 2011. Together with unrest elsewhere in the middle east and north africa, including the disturbances in syria and yemen, they were part of the arab spring. But while iraq and lebanon could offer great promise if protesters learn from past failures in the region, they could also.
Political scientist marc lynch described arab spring as a term i may have unintentionally coined in a 6 january 2011 article for foreign policy magazine. Protests that spread across the region in early 2011 started a longterm process of political and social transformation, marked in the initial stages primarily by political turbulence, economic difficulties, and even conflict. Causes include human rights violations, economic decline, as well as extreme poverty caused by unemployment. There are familiar echoes of this in the arab spring be it the trabelsi family of tunisia, ahmed ezz of egypt or rami makhlouf of syria. Polyvocal, leaderless and using new styles of communication, the postarab spring voices do not seek power but seek to defy the state and push it to address the hitherto taboo topics such as. Unlike 911, the arab spring is attributable to deep and widespread sociological causes e. The eu trade and investment agenda transnational institute. The arab spring was a series of prodemocracy uprisings that enveloped several largely muslim countries, including tunisia, morocco, syria, libya, egypt and shows this day in history. Womens rights and the arab spring facts about tunisia after overthrowing the dictatorship of ben ali in january 2011, inspiring the arab spring across the region, tunisia initially seemed to be on the path to ensuring womens inclusion in the new regime and was considered by some to be a model for womens empowerment. Like the us and europe, china was caught by surprise by the arab spring and had to abruptly adapt its foreign policy to events. A new arab spring is unfolding in iraq and lebanon. Arab spring, as it has been portrayed by the western media, is an illusion.
General consensus emerges on a combination of political, economic and social factors as being critical. Centre for the study of african economies department of economics. As they wipe the egg off their faces, they need to reconsider longheld assumptions about the arab world. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in tunisia noueihed, 2011. His recent activities have included membership in 2012 of the advisory committee for the drafting of the deauville. The economics of the arab spring and its aftermath 5.
Meanwhile, egyptians rose in revolt as strikes across the country brought daily life to a halt and toppled the government. The impact of the arab spring concerns protests or by the way attempts to organize growing protest movements that were inspired by or similar to the arab spring in the arab majority states of north africa and the middle east, according to commentators, organisers, and critics. Understanding attitudes and responses to the new middle east by benedetta berti from the outset, the arab spring has taken the world by storm. The arab spring is about justice and equity as much as it is about democracy, because societies in which millions of young men and women have. However, the arab world is currently experiencing massive. The implications of the arab uprisings for oil and gas markets. But their purpose, relative success, and outcome remain hotly disputed in arab countries, among foreign observers, and between world powers looking to cash in on the changing map of the middle east. Economic dimensions of the arab spring by riad al khouri. The movement originated in tunisia in december 2010 and quickly took hold in egypt, libya, syria, yemen, bahrain, saudi arabia, and jordan. It builds on a previous report, published in 2010 by usip press, titled blogs and bullets. The imf is also issuing new loans to the arab spring countries3, accompanied by the familiar mantra recommendations to prioritise improvements in the business environment, bring down minimum wages for example in morocco, with the aim to reduce youth unemployment. Demonstrators expressing political and economic grievances faced violent crackdowns by. Analysis of the arab spring 3 blunders in state response, in particular using a heavyhanded approach and trying to crush opposition, had the reverse effect of galvanising more people to join the protests icg, 2011b and 2011d. Along with the decrease in production, the demographic boom was also responsible for increasing unemployment.
The first specific use of the term arab spring as used to denote these events may have started with the american political journal foreign policy. The impacts of arab spring countries ascs on tax revenue. Significantly, none of these critical developments appears to have been substantially affected by u. Demystifying the arab spring uc san diego social sciences. Arab spring, wave of prodemocracy protests and uprisings that took place in the middle east and north africa beginning in 2010 and 2011, challenging some of the regions entrenched authoritarian regimes. The 2010 2011 tunisian revolution and the 2011 egyptian revolution also raised hopes for political change in the region. China was the only large power to face questions about stability both in the region as well as at home. To be sure, the situation in algeria, sudan, lebanon and iraq is analogous to 2011. Development of conflict in arab spring libya and syria. Protests that forced jordans prime minister to resign and laid bare the countrys systemic economic and political crisis shed new light on the root causes of popular protests in the middle east that swept the region in 2011 and have since continuously erupted across a swath of land stretching from morocco to egypt. The arab spring and its impact on the foreign trade of turkey. Triggers, dynamics and prospects stephan rosiny on 17 december 2010, the selfimmolation of tunisian vegetable vendor mohammed bouazizi sparked the arab spring. Why middle east studies missed the arab spring foreign affairs. Arab spring gets a little help from social media 2011 year.
At the eve of the arab spring, one out of four egyptians and tunisians young was out of employment. Chloe mulderig abstract many scholars have focused on the political factors in particular, the desire for regime change and democratization as central motivations for the arab spring revolutions of 2011. Demystifying the arab spring parsing the differences between tunisia, egypt, and libya lisa anderson in tunisia, protesters escalated calls for the restoration of the countrys suspended constitution. Demonstrators expressing political and economic grievances faced violent crackdowns by their countries security forces. The new arab uprisings how the 2019 trajectory differs from. This article aims to conduct limited analysis on the probable impacts of the arab spring as on the tax revenues in the countries where as are taking place. Its causes and consequences 3 arab countries barany, 2011. Within a few months, a wave of protest had swept away the despots of tunisia, egypt and libya. There has been much analysis of the causes and rapid spread of the 2011 arab spring or arab uprisings. The uprisings of the arab spring were so forceful as to determine the overthrow of wellestablished leaderships and autocrats who had been in power for decades. Middle east experts were as surprised as everyone else by the arab revolts. Opinion the arab spring is 2011, not 1989 the new york times.
Jun 06, 2018 protests that forced jordans prime minister to resign and laid bare the countrys systemic economic and political crisis shed new light on the root causes of popular protests in the middle east that swept the region in 2011 and have since continuously erupted across a swath of land stretching from morocco to egypt. The idea of this study comes from the societal pattern of any tax system and the critical. A year of revolution a year ago, a tunisian fruitseller set himself on fire after being humiliated by a police officer. Christians in sudan and algeria cheer regime changes. The roots and causes of the 2011 arab uprisings kamal eldin osman salih abstract. The event set off uprisings across north africa and the. May 10, 2011 yet the winter of discontent in the united states and europe is not yet over.
This paper examines the chinese reactions to the arab spring and in particular the libyan crisis. Apr 22, 2011 the arab spring is about justice and equity as much as it is about democracy, because societies in which millions of young men and women have no jobs and millions live with less than two. Financial pressures top every list of catalysts and causes of the arab spring, espeeially when cormption at the hands of the mling and social elite is added. Jeanmarie guehenno explains why the movements that are shaking the arab world in 2011 are profoundly different from the revolutions that ended the soviet empire in. Arab spring refers to the democratic uprisings that arose independently and spread across the arab world in 2011.
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